GPU Implementation of extended total Lagrangian explicit (gpuXTLED) for Surgical Incision Application

An extended total Lagrangian explicit dynamic (XTLED) is presented as a potential numerical method for simulating interactive or physics-based surgical incisions of soft tissues. The simulation of surgical incision is vital to the integrity of virtual reality simulators that are used for immersive surgical training. However, most existing numerical methods either compromise on computational speed for accuracy or vice versa. This is due to the challenge of modelling nonlinear behaviour of soft tissues, incorporating incision and subsequently updating topology to account for the incision. To tackle these challenges, XTLED method which combines the extended finite element method (XFEM) using total Lagrangian formulation with explicit time integration method was developed. The algorithm was developed and deformations of 3D geometries under tension, were simulated. An attempt was made to validate the XTLED method using silicon samples with different incision configuration and a comparison was made between XTLED and FEM. Results show that XTLED could potentially be used to simulate interactive soft tissue incision. However, further quantitative verification and validation are required. In addition, numerical analyses conducted show that solutions may not be obtainable due to simulation errors. However, it is unclear whether these errors are inherent in the XTLED method or the algorithm created for the XTLED method in this thesis.