Long-term Performance of Portland cement-Slag-Limestone [CEM VI(S-LL)] Mortars and Concretes Exposed to Extreme Environments

The widespread deployment of CEM VI(S-LL) for the production of structural concrete is arguably limited despite its inclusion in standards such as the BS 8500-2:2023 and the BS EN 197-5:2021. This is a consequence of the limited track record regarding the long-term performance of concretes made from these cements, under near realistic in-service conditions. Multiscale and multi-technique approaches highlighting the synergy between microscale properties and macroscale performance are key to understanding the potential deterioration mechanisms of these materials. This research thesis centres on elucidating the implications of multiple exposure classes on the long-term performance of mortars and concrete, with or without loading, made of CEM I, binary CEM I-blast furnace slag, and ternary blast furnace slag-limestone blended cement. This PhD thesis research demonstrates that CEM VI(S-LL) based concrete have excellent mechanical performance, compliant with existing design codes for structural concrete. These are suitable materials for applications where high chloride and moderate carbonation resistances are required, and loading conditions will not have a negative impact on their durability performance.