The formal generation of models for scientific simulations

It is now commonplace for complex physical systems such as the climate system to be studied indirectly via computer simulations. Often, the equations that govern the underlying physical system are known but detailed or highresolution computer models of these equations (“governing models”) are not practical because of limited computational resources; so the models are simplified
or “parameterised”. However, if the output of a simplified model is to lead to conclusions about a physical system, we must prove that these outputs reflect reality and are not merely artifacts of the simplifications. At present,
simplifications are usually based on informal, ad-hoc methods making it difficult or impossible to provide such a proof rigorously. Here we introduce a set of formal methods for generating computer models. We present a newly developed
computer program, “iGen”, which syntactically analyses the computer code of a high-resolution, governing model and, without executing it, automatically produces a much faster, simplified model with provable bounds on error compared
to the governing model. These bounds allow scientists to rigorously distinguish real world phenomena from artifact in subsequent numerical experiments using the simplified model. Using simple physical systems as examples, we illustrate that iGen produces simplified models that execute typically orders of magnitude faster than their governing models. Finally, iGen is used to generate a
model of entrainment in marine stratocumulus. The resulting simplified model is appropriate for use as part of a parameterisation of marine stratocumulus in a Global Climate Model.