Continuous flow optimisation of nanoparticle catalysts

Continuous flow reactors offer a host of advantages over their more traditional batch counterparts. These include more controlled mixing, enhanced heat transfer and increased safety when handling hazardous reagents as only a small volume of material is present within the reactor at any one time. For these reasons, flow reactors are becoming increasingly popular for the synthesis of nanoparticle catalysts. Recent advances in reactor technology and automation have transformed how chemical products are developed and tested. Automated continuous flow reactors have been coupled with machine learning algorithms in closed feedback loops, allowing vast areas of multi-dimensional experimental space to be explored quickly and efficiently, significantly accelerating the identification of optimum synthesis conditions. While both reducing costs and improving the sustainability of process development. This work describes the development of a novel two-stage autonomous reactor for the optimisation of nanoparticle catalysts by direct observation of their performance in a catalysed chemical reaction. The key advantage of this performance directed system is that no offline processing or analysis of the nanoparticles is required. Allowing both the nanoparticle properties and the nanoparticle catalysed reaction conditions to be optimised in tandem by an automated system with zero human intervention. Chapter 1 introduces the principles and methods underlying this work with a focus on nanoparticle catalysts, flow reactor technologies and optimisation algorithms. Chapter 2 describes a self-optimising reactor capable of nanoparticle catalysed reaction optimisation. Chapter 3 shows the development of a reactor which was able to produce alloyed nanoparticle catalysts with tuneable composition. Chapter 4 describes a body of work surrounding the computational modelling of nanoparticle catalysed reactions for the evaluation of different optimisation algorithms. Chapter 5 concludes this project by presenting a two-stage reactor which was able to optimise both the physical properties of the nanoparticles as well as the conditions under which they were used to catalyse a reaction.