Understanding policy and governance strategies for sustainable development of the artisanal and small-scale gold mining and gold sourcing industry: Insights from Ghana

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is characterised by low capital, labour-intensive mineral extraction and processing, with potential contributions to development. However, the sector predominantly operates informally, limiting its potential benefits and sustainability. Despite studies on ASGM's environmental and socio-economic impacts, understanding of the policies and governance strategies for effective formalisation that spur sustainable development of ASGM is lacking. Focussing on Ghana, this thesis aims to enhance understanding of sustainable ASGM in newly engaged agricultural communities, through objectives that: i) identify and analyse livelihood trajectories associated with ASGM to inform policies supporting rural livelihoods; ii) investigate ASGM's impact on natural and physical capital and its interactions with agriculture to promote co-existence; and iii) assess the legal framework and policy coherence for sustainable ASGM governance. Fieldwork in Atiwa West District and Koforidua comprising environmental surveys, transect walks, questionnaires, focus groups, and stakeholder interviews revealed three livelihood trajectories linked to ASGM's rise—consolidation, fluctuation, and marginalisation. While ASGM benefited some farmers, it harmed others due to competition for land, labour, and water, caused by its informal operations. ASGM interacted with agriculture, providing short-term income but long-term community-level costs such as land degradation. Linkages were lacking at the institutional level for joined-up governance. Document reviews showed a broad legal framework, yet ASGM governance lacks decentralisation and policy coherence, hindering intersectoral coordination. Findings overall emphasise the need for targeted policies linking rural livelihoods, agriculture, and mining, and highlight the need for collaboration between formal and informal institutions. Cross-sectoral planning and stakeholder engagement are crucial for sustainable ASGM development, necessitating coordinated governance, integrating ASGM into broader development policies while promoting legal and responsible operations.