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Annotating co-reference in text

Introduction

Pronominal co-reference

For the purposes of pronominal co-reference, annotators should consider the following non-exhaustive list of pronouns that are commonly used when referring to entities in the CLEF texts:

Type of pronoun Examples
Definite it, they, them
Demonstrative this, that, these, those
Interrogative which, whose, what
Possesive whose, their

Lexical co-reference

Using domain knowledge

Co-reference and conjunctions

Sometimes, a single word might refer back to several things in a previous sentence. Co-reference should not be annotated in this case.

Co-reference and sets

Sometimes, a plural or a set of things (e.g. a patient's limb) will be mentioned, and then a little later, a single member of that set (e.g. their left leg). The two should not be coreferred. A single thing in the world is not the same as a set that contains that thing: your left leg is not the same as your four limbs.

Be aware of relationships that are not co-reference

Scope of co-reference